Giving Birth To An Elephant...

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One of the most interesting questions about Napoleon is, perhaps, why such a brilliant general allowed himself to undertake the disastrous Russian campaign. Tolstoy's version depends on his idea that Mother Russia was protected by fate and her snowy vastness. He also thought that individuals had little control over events. In Russia Against Napoleon the historian Dominic Lieven shows that the young Czar Alexander and his close advisers understood warfare in Russia more than Napoleon did. They saw through Napoleon but he misunderstood them. While Napoleon may have been a battle­field genius, Alexander showed greater diplomatic skill in gathering the coalition that eventually defeated Bonaparte. That was no easy matter, given the fear of both the French and the Russians that prevailed in German lands.

The Russians persuaded the Prussians and the unwilling Austrians to join them by showing thatNapoleon could be defeated through their management of the long and deliberate retreat in 1812, which had lured the French deep into Russia, far from their supply lines, and exposed them to constant attacks on their flanks. This retreat had needed complex administration in the provisioning of food and, above all, horses, the availability of which, as Lieven shows, could win or lose a war. Success required a cruelly efficient conscription system, which Russians accepted because of the trust between sovereign, elite and people, which was at the heart of the Russian autocratic system. This trust explains how Alexander's regime survived even after abandoning Moscow. When the Russians entered Paris, however, within hours Napoleon's supporters fled. His closest relatives vanished and Prince Talleyrand began negotiating the succession.

To Lieven Alexander was the man who “more than any other individual, was responsible for Napoleon’s overthrow.” Lieven called the Tsar’s Guards “the finest-looking troops in Europe.”

The Russian Imperial army did party and drink, have courtly intrigues and battlefield manoeuvrings. What helped them excel was the Russian ability to appraise the finely balanced strategic alternatives that presented themselves as soon as they decided on invasion.

This crucial decision was based on the understanding that if French power were eradicated, Russia would face new enemies in its place. Should they stop at the borders of the empire in 1813 and negotiate a new peace with the French, which much of the Russian military elite wanted, or force exhausted troops to march as far across Europe as it took to topple Napoleon? This was what Alexander wanted and he persuaded his unwilling generals.

If France's revolutionary armies represented modernity, Russia stood for empire.Russia at the time showed how the empire could use its resources rationally when attacked. Russia could raise armies faster than revolutionary France could and Russian equipment and provisioning matched those of the French. The French communicated in their own language, but the Russians understood captured letters in French. Russian generals could communicate in several languages — including Latvian, which helped with confidentiality. Alexander's charismatic personality also attracted fleeing Frenchmen to help bring about his downfall. Russia's intelligence operation was far superior.

Lieven shows how devastating exhaustion was. Prussia’s elderly commander, Blücher, at one point hallucinated about giving birth to an elephant. He recovered enough to be carried towards Paris in full view of his troops, wearing a lady’s green silk hat to shade his eyes.

Such stories... no wonder we're still fascinated today.

Also posted here: www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d5160eac-14…


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Urceola's avatar
A riveting essay.  Thank you.  BTW, some of my relatives are descended from Major Barczynski, who died on Napoleon's retreat from Moscow.  His wife and three daughters fled to the United States.